Starting a garden from seeds is a rewarding and fulfilling experience. It’s a chance to watch something grow from its earliest beginnings, to see the magic of nature unfold right before your eyes.
Whether you’re an experienced gardener or just starting out, our seed starting guide will provide you with the essential knowledge and skills you need to create a thriving garden from the ground up.
From selecting the right growing medium, to choosing the best seeds, to nurturing your seedlings until they’re ready to be transplanted, this guide has got you covered.
Benefits of Starting Seeds Indoors
Starting seeds indoors is a wonderful way to jumpstart the gardening process and get a head start on the growing season.
In addition to allowing you to carefully control the growing environment, it also offers numerous benefits that are sure to make your gardening experience more successful and enjoyable.
Extended Growing Season
By starting seeds indoors, you can give your plants a head start on the growing season and extend your harvest. This means you’ll be able to enjoy fresh fruits and vegetables from your garden for a longer period of time.
The “maturity period” of a plant refers to the amount of time it takes for a plant to reach maturity, meaning it has fully grown and produced its fruit, flower, or vegetable. In gardening and agriculture, the term is commonly used on seed packets to indicate the number of days from planting to harvest.
When referring to transplanting, the maturity period is the amount of time it takes for a plant to reach maturity after being transplanted into the garden. This can vary based on several factors, such as the size of the seedling at the time of transplanting, the growing conditions in the garden, and the specific needs of the plant.
If a crop has a lengthy maturity period, you can start indoors and transplant seedlings once the temperature is just right. If a crop has a short maturity period, you can start indoors and have several harvests during the growing season.
Better Control of Growing Conditions
When you start seeds indoors, you have greater control over the growing conditions. You can adjust the temperature, humidity, and light levels to create the perfect environment for your seedlings to thrive.
Early Detection of Pests and Diseases
By starting seeds indoors, you’ll have the opportunity to identify and address any potential pests or diseases early on, before they have a chance to spread throughout your garden.
Opportunity for Customization
Starting seeds indoors gives you the chance to create a customized garden, tailored to your specific needs and preferences. You can choose from a wide variety of seeds, from heirloom varieties to modern hybrids, and experiment with different growing techniques.
Cost-Effective
Starting seeds indoors is a cost-effective way to grow your own food and beautify your yard. By investing in a few basic supplies, you’ll be able to grow a thriving garden without breaking the bank.
Supplies Needed to Start Seeds Indoors
Starting seeds indoors is a simple and rewarding experience, but it does require a few key supplies to get you on your way. From containers to soil to lights, here are the essential supplies you’ll need to start your seeds off right:
- Containers: Choose containers that are suitable for seed starting and have good drainage. You can use plastic trays, biodegradable or compostable pots, mason jars, or even repurpose containers like egg cartons or yogurt cups.
SunPack, SunKit Seed Starting System, SPPSK10117
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CowPots Seed Starting Tray, 3-In., 3-Pk.
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Jiffy, 50 Peat Cell Seed Starting Greenhouse Kit, TS50HST-8
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- Soil: Invest in a high-quality seed starting mix, which is specially-formulated for starting seeds. Avoid using garden soil, as it can contain pathogens that can harm your seedlings.
G&B, Seed Starter
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Miracle-Gro, Seed Starting Potting Mix, 8 qt
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- Lights: Seedlings need plenty of light to thrive. If you don’t have a sunny windowsill, consider investing in a grow light to provide your seedlings with the light they need.
SunBlaster T5HO Nanotech Combo Light Kit and Reflector
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- Heat Mat: A heat mat can help to provide your seedlings with the warmth they need to germinate and grow. This is especially important for seeds that prefer warmer soil temperatures.
SunPack, SunKit Seed Starting System, SPPSK10117
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SunPack, SunPad Lite Seedling Heat Mat, SPPSP10045
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- Dibble or Pen: A dibble or pen can be used to make holes in the soil for planting your seeds.
DeWit Wooden Dibber
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- Labels: Labels will help you keep track of which seeds you’ve planted and when they were sown.
Rapiclip Wood Plant Labels, 6-In., 24-Pk.
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6" Plant Label 50 pk.
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4" Plant Labels 50 pk.
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- Watering Can or Sprayer: A watering can or sprayer is essential for keeping your soil moist and your seedlings hydrated.
Plastic Watering Can, 2 gal.
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Behrens Galvanized Sprinkling Can, 10 qt.
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Bloem Watering Can, Dual-Handle, 2.6-Gals.
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- Humidity Dome: A humidity dome allows you to create a perfectly humid environment for a successful germination.
Vented Humidity Dome 7.5", SPPSD50075
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Gro Dome, 11X12 in.
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Window Greenhouse Seed Starter with Clear Dome
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- Soil Thermometer: An easy-to-read soil thermometer enables you to quickly and accurately measure the growing medium temperature.
Luster Leaf Dial Composter Thermometer
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When to Start Seeds
Starting seeds indoors requires careful timing to ensure that your seedlings are ready to be transplanted into the garden at the right time. To get the best results, you’ll need to know when to start your seeds based on your hardiness zone and the type of seeds you’re planting.
Further reading: When to Plant: A Spring Garden Guide
Consider Your Hardiness Zone
Consider your hardiness zone, which is a geographic area defined by its average low temperature, to determine the appropriate transplant date for your seedlings. Refer to the USDA Hardiness Zone Map to determine the perfect time to start your seeds.
Take Note of Last Frost Date
The last frost date is the date that marks the end of the average frost-free period in your area. Use this date to determine when to start your seeds indoors, so that your seedlings are ready to be transplanted into the garden after the last frost has passed.
The Old Farmer’s Almanac is a go-to resource for determining your area’s last frost date. The Almanac provides average last frost dates based on historical data, but remember that actual weather can vary.
To get the best results, use the Almanac as a guide, but also pay attention to local weather forecasts and the needs of the plant’s you’re growing.
Consult the Calendar
Check the seed packet for information on the expected germination time and the recommended transplant date. Seed packets will recommend planting dates that tell you how many weeks to start your plants inside before the average last frost.
Pro tip: If you don’t have any planting information for reference, start your seeds indoors 6 to 8 weeks before your area’s average last frost date.
Consider the Length of Your Growing Season
Some plants have a longer growing season than others. Consider this when determining when to start your seeds indoors. For example, tomatoes have a longer growing season than lettuce, so you’ll need to start your tomato seeds indoors earlier.
Containers
Choosing the right containers is crucial when starting seeds indoors. The right container will provide your seeds with the ideal environment to grow and develop into healthy seedlings. Here are some things to consider when choosing your containers:
Drainage
Look for containers with good drainage to prevent root rot, which can be fatal to your seedlings. Add drainage holes to the base of your repurposed containers if necessary.
Size
Choose containers that are appropriately-sized for the type of seeds you’re planting. Avoid overcrowding your seeds, as this can lead to competition for light, water, and nutrients. Planting containers should be between 2 to 3 inches deep.
Material
Consider the material of your containers, as different materials can have different effects on your seedlings. Cheap container options include yogurt cups, paper towel tubes, takeout containers, and disposable drinking cups.
CowPots Seed Starting Tray, 3-In., 3-Pk.
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Jiffy JP226 Peat Pot, Peat Moss
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Plastic containers are lightweight, reusable, and easy to clean, while compostable containers like peat pots can be planted directly in the garden, reducing transplant shock. The container material degrades rapidly, allowing the roots to thrive in the soil.
Many growers use cardboard or plastic egg cartons to start their seeds. This can be an affordable alternative to planting trays. However, cardboard cartons tend to absorb water and dry out faster, requiring you to ensure you’re misting your soil with enough water.
Preparing the Soil
The soil you choose for your seed starting can make or break your success. Preparing a suitable soil mix will provide your seedlings with the proper nutrients, structure, and moisture levels to grow and thrive. Here’s what you need to know about preparing the soil for your seed starting:
Seed Starting Mix
Invest in a high-quality seed starting mix, which is specially formulated for starting seeds. This potting mix is light, sterile, and fluffy, and provides the optimal environment for seed germination and growth.
Miracle-Gro, Seed Starting Potting Mix, 8 qt
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G&B, Seed Starter
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Avoid Garden Soil
Avoid using garden soil for your seed starting, as it can contain pathogens and pests that can harm your seedlings. Aside from the risk to your plant’s health, using garden soil can introduce pests throughout your home that can be time-consuming and difficult to eliminate.
Moisture
Moisten the soil mix thoroughly before planting your seeds. It’s important to keep the soil moist, but not waterlogged, to prevent root rot. You can then gently press the soil down to eliminate air pockets and to ensure good soil-to-seed contact.
Selecting the Seeds
Choosing seeds for your indoor garden is one of the first steps in starting your seeds indoors. With so many varieties of seeds to choose from, it can be overwhelming to know where to start, but with a little research and consideration, it’s easy to find the perfect seeds for your garden.
Type of Plant
You can start just about any plant indoors and grow your favorite herbs, vegetables, and flowers. Consider factors like the size of the mature plant, the amount of light it needs, and the length of the growing season.
Germination Time
Check the seed packet for information on the expected germination time, which will help you determine when to start your seeds indoors.
Quality
Look for seeds that are of good quality, with a high germination rate. Avoid old seeds, as they may not germinate at all.
Temperature
Temperature plays a critical role in seed starting, as it can determine the success of seed germination. Understanding the optimal temperature for your seeds will help you create the perfect environment for germination and growth.
Ideal Germination Temperature
Each type of seed has an ideal germination temperature, which is the temperature at which it will sprout most efficiently. Check the seed packet for information on the ideal germination temperature for your seeds.
Consistent Temperature
Maintaining a consistent temperature is critical for seed germination. Avoid fluctuations in temperature, as this can affect the germination rate and the overall health of your seedlings.
Heating Mats
If your home is on the cooler side, consider using a heating mat to keep your seeds at the right temperature. Heating mats are specifically designed to provide consistent heat to your seeds, which can help increase your germination rate.
When using a heating mat, it’s important to place a thermometer near the seeds to monitor the temperature and ensure that it stays within the optimal range. Heat mats should only be used during the germination stage, or else it can lead to leggy plant growth.
SunPack, SunPad Lite Seedling Heat Mat, SPPSP10017
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Hydrofarm Jump Start Digital Thermostat For Heat Mats
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SunPack, SunPad Lite Seedling Heat Mat, SPPSP10045
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Lighting
Most seeds do not require light to germinate and will sprout just fine in darkness. However, some seeds, particularly those from light-loving plants, benefit from exposure to light during the germination process. This includes seeds from plants such as lettuce, petunia, and snapdragon.
Exposing these seeds to light during germination helps to increase the speed and success of germination. It also helps to prevent the seedlings from becoming elongated and weak, which can happen if they are kept in the dark for too long.
If you are starting these types of seeds indoors, place them near a bright window or under grow lights to ensure they receive adequate light. Keep in mind, however, that the light should not be too intense or too close to the seedlings, as this can cause damage.
Although light may not be critical for most seeds during the germination stage, it is crucial for growing healthy seedlings, the young plants grown from the seeds. Whether you’re starting your seeds indoors or outdoors, lighting will play a crucial role in the success of your seed starting journey.
Artificial Light
If you are starting your seeds indoors, you may need to provide them with artificial light if they do not get enough natural light. Fluorescent lights work well for seed starting, as they emit a light spectrum that is ideal for plant growth.
Light-emitting diode (LED) lamps are another popular alternative, although they are more expensive than fluorescent options. However, they are long-lasting, energy-saving, and provide an ideal light spectrum for seeds that need light to sprout.
SunBlaster T5HO Nanotech Combo Light Kit and Reflector
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Distance
The distance between your seedlings and the light source is important. Keep the lights about 6 to 12 inches above the seed container, and adjust the height as needed as they grow. Seeds may not need to be covered with soil to get more light exposure.
Timing
The amount of light your seedlings receive is just as important as the type of light they receive. Seedlings should receive 14-16 hours of light each day, so you may need to set up a timer to ensure they receive the correct amount of light.
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Sowing Seeds
Sowing your seeds is the final step in starting your indoor garden, and it’s a crucial one. Properly planting your seeds will give them the best chance to germinate and grow into healthy seedlings. Here is a step-by-step guide to sowing your seeds:
Fill Containers
Fill your seed starting containers with the prepared soil mix, leaving a little bit of room at the top for watering.
Germination Testing
Germination testing is a simple and effective way to determine the viability of your seed stock before planting. By performing a germination test, you can determine the percentage of seeds that will germinate, and make any necessary adjustments to your planting plan.
The process involves placing a small sample of seeds in a moist environment and counting the number of seeds that sprout within a certain period of time. This information can help you make informed decisions about how many seeds to plant and how many containers to prepare.
Germination testing is a great way to optimize your seed starting success and avoid wasting time, money, and resources on seeds that may not germinate.
Plant Seeds
Plant your seeds at the depth recommended on the seed packet, taking care not to plant them too deeply. Space the seeds out evenly in the container, leaving enough room for each seedling to grow.
Water Carefully
Water your seeds carefully, being careful not to disturb the soil. Use a fine mist or a watering can with a fine nozzle to avoid washing away the seeds.
Cover Containers
Cover your containers with plastic wrap or a plastic lid to create a humid environment for your seeds to germinate.
Place in Light
For seeds that require light, place your containers in a bright, sunny location, where they will receive adequate light. If you do not have access to natural light, consider using grow lights.
Transplanting
Transplanting your seedlings is the next step in their growth journey, and it is an exciting one! This is when your seeds will make the transition from their cozy indoor environment to the great outdoors. Here is what you need to know about transplanting your seedlings:
Timing
Transplant your seedlings when they have at least two true leaves and have outgrown their containers. This usually takes 4-6 weeks after germination. Ensure your outdoor temperatures are ideal for your young plants.
Preparing the New Container
Prepare your new container or garden bed by loosening and amending the soil, removing any weeds and rocks, and adding compost or other organic matter to improve the soil’s structure and nutrient amount.
Seed Thinning
Starting seeds can result in overcrowding of seedlings, which can lead to stunted growth, competition for resources, and disease. To ensure each seedling has enough room to grow to its full potential, practice seed thinning. This involves removing weaker seedlings, or those that are too close together, to allow stronger seedlings to flourish.
The goal is to have seedlings spaced appropriately so they have enough room to develop healthy roots and stems. Timing is important, and it is recommended to thin seedlings when they have their first true leaves, but before they become too big.
Seed thinning may seem daunting, but it’s a critical step for optimal growth and success in your seed-starting journey.
Hardening Off
Before transplanting your seedlings, it is important to harden them off. This means gradually exposing them to outdoor conditions over a period of 7-10 days, to help them adjust to their new environment.
To harden off your seedlings, start by placing them in a sheltered area, such as a porch or covered patio, for a few hours each day. Gradually increase the amount of time that they are outside each day, and expose them to the elements, including wind, rain, and direct sunlight.
It’s also crucial to monitor the temperature, as sudden changes in temperature can be stressful for your seedlings. If necessary, provide shade or protect them from extreme temperatures by bringing them inside.
Transplanting
When transplanting, gently remove the seedling from its container, being careful not to disturb the roots. Avoid handling seedlings by the vulnerable stems. Instead, handle them by their leaves. Plant the seedling at the same depth as it was growing in its container, and water it in well.
Aftercare
After transplanting, it is important to take good care of your seedlings to ensure they continue to grow and thrive. Provide adequate water and sunlight, and protect them from wind and extreme temperatures.
Watering
Water is the lifeblood of your newly planted seeds, providing the vital environment they need to grow and thrive. But how much is too much, and how often should you be watering?
To avoid over-watering and drowning your seedlings, make sure to only water when the soil feels dry to the touch. Then, give your seedlings a thorough drink, making sure to wet the entire root system. You will likely need to water your seeds once a day to keep the soil surface and seeds moist.
It’s also vital to consider the type of container you are using. If you’re using a tray or a pot without drainage holes, be careful not to over-water, as excess water will become stagnant and create a breeding ground for mold and mildew. Add water slowly and scarcely.
By finding the right balance, you will be able to keep your seeds healthy and hydrated, helping them to reach their full potential. So go ahead, give your seedlings the drink of life, and watch as they grow into beautiful, healthy plants.
Humidity
Humidity can play a crucial role in the success of your seed-starting journey. With high humidity levels, your seeds germinate with ease and your seedlings can thrive. But too much humidity can also create an environment that is conducive to mold and mildew. A relative humidity (RH) of about 95% is ideal for seed germination.
One way to maintain the right level of humidity is to cover your seed trays or containers with a clear plastic humidity dome or cover. This will help to create a greenhouse-like environment, trapping moisture inside and keeping the humidity high. You can also use plastic wrap to create a warm, humid microclimate. Remove the humidity cover when about half to three-quarters of the seeds sprout.
Gro Dome, 11X12 in.
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Vented Humidity Dome 7.5", SPPSD50075
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Fertilizing
Germinating seeds do not typically need fertilization. In fact, it is usually best to avoid fertilizing seeds until after they have germinated and established a strong root system. The seeds contain all the nutrients they need to get started and adding fertilizer too soon can be harmful.
Once the seedlings have emerged and have developed their first set of leaves, you can start to fertilize them if necessary. This is when they begin to use up the nutrients stored in their seeds and need a source of additional nutrients.
Use a diluted dose of a balanced liquid fertilizer and follow the instructions carefully, as over-fertilizing can be damaging to seedlings. A balanced, water-soluble fertilizer is often the best option, as it will provide your seedlings with a steady supply of nutrients without the risk of over-fertilizing.
Down to Earth, Premium Starter Fertilizer, 5 lb
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G&B Organics, 4-6-3 Tomato, Vegetable & Herb Fertilizer
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Down to Earth, Vegetable garden mix, 5 lb
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Pests and Diseases
As your seedlings grow, they will be vulnerable to pests and diseases that can threaten their health and survival. But by being proactive and taking the necessary precautions, you can help to protect your seedlings from these threats.
To prevent pest infestations, make sure to keep your seed starting area clean and free of debris. This will help to reduce the number of pests that may be attracted to your seedlings.
It’s also important to inspect your seedlings regularly for any signs of pests or disease. If you do notice any issues, act quickly to treat the problem before it becomes more widespread.
When it comes to diseases, make sure to only use sterile potting soil without weed seeds and sanitized containers, and avoid over-watering, which can create a breeding ground for mold and mildew.
Bonide, Insecticidal Soap, 1 qt
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Bonide, Diatomaceous Earth, 1.3 lb
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Bonide, Captain Jack's Deadbug Brew Insect Spray
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Starting Seeds Outdoors
Starting your seeds outdoors is a great way to get a jumpstart on the growing season and enjoy the benefits of gardening. While starting seed indoors gives you more control over the growing environment, starting seeds outdoors allows you to take advantage of the natural elements.
Timing
Choose the right time to plant your seeds by referring to the seed packet for information on the ideal planting time for your area. Plant your seeds at the right time, so they will have the best chance to germinate and grow.
Preparing the Garden Bed
Prepare your garden bed by tilling the soil, removing any weeds, and adding compost or organic matter. This will help ensure your seeds have the right environment to grow.
Choosing the Right Spot
Choose a spot in your garden that gets plenty of sunlight, has well-draining soil, and is protected from strong winds. A greenhouse is an excellent location to keep your seeds protected while maintaining an optimally controlled environment.
Planting the Seeds
Plant your seeds at the depth recommended on the seed packet, spacing them out evenly in the garden bed and water them in properly.
Aftercare
Once your seeds are planted, take good care of them to ensure they germinate and grow into healthy plants. Provide enough water and sunlight (if needed), and protect them from wind and harsh temperatures.
Start Your Indoor Garden at Wilco Farm Stores
You now have all the knowledge you need to start your garden successfully! Whether you’re sowing seeds indoors or outdoors, you’re sure to create a beautiful and bountiful garden. And what better way to bring your garden to life than by shopping at Wilco Farm Stores?
At Wilco Farm Stores, you’ll find everything you need to start and maintain your garden, from seed starting supplies to gardening tools and more. With a wide selection of high-quality products and expert advice, Wilco Farm Stores is your one-stop shop for all things gardening.
Elevated Raised Bed with Greenhouse Cover
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Jiffy, Easy Grow Greenhouse Plant Seed Tray Kit
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Backyard Expressions, Portable 2-Tier Walk-in Greenhouse 56"x 56"x 77"
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Walk-In Greenhouse Tunnel with Storage Bag 10ft x 7ft
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